ABSTRACT
A large longitudinal study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in children is limited. This large-scale longitudinal observational study examines the pandemic's effects on children's mental health while considering the effects of parental care styles. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study is a large-scale, longitudinal multicenter study in the United States. Of the 11,875 children aged 9-12 years in its database, 4702 subjects were selected for this study. The child behavior checklist and parental monitoring questionnaire (PMQ) were used to assess children's mental health and parental support styles, respectively. Data collected before and during the pandemic were compared. Withdrawn/depressed and attention problems significantly worsened during compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001, withdrawn/depressed; 53.4 ± 5.7 to 53.7 ± 5.9, attention problems; 53.4 ± 5.4 to 53.6 ± 5.6). However, the T scores are in the normal range both before and during the crisis. Simple slope analysis found withdrawn/depressed problems and aggressive behavior worsened when the PMQ was 1 SD below the mean, and rule-breaking behavior was improved when the PMQ was 1 SD above the mean. While the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated children's depressive symptoms and attention issues, the effects may be minor. Additionally, parental involvement serve as a protective factor for the child's mental health even during the pandemic.